Walter Bohn
1) Industrialization created a more efficient means of producing more goods.
Goods were cheaper to make, and therefore cheaper to buy. Families didnt have to make everything they couldnt buy. 2) A $2.5 million market in 1830, the book business quintupled by 1850. More people could learn to read because books and magazines were more numerous, and therefore cheaper. People began getting smarter and more literate. 3) By 1830, women composed nearly 70 percent of the Lowell textile workforce. This leads me to believe that jobs were so numerous that even women were being hired. 4) Representing only 8 percent of the Lowell workforce in 1845, the Irish composed nearly half the workers by 1860. More and more immigrants were coming into the country, and being hired because they would work for cheaper wages.

Keith Fortin
(1)“Percentage of American workers involved in farming fell from 71 to 53 percent,…”. Although farming was still the majority for the line of work Americans did, more and more people were going into other jobs. These jobs probably consisted of working at a factory or business due to the industrial revolution. Also, a lot of people were probably moving to a city where farming wasn’t a choice. Immigrants coming in would also help to drop the statistic because most immigrants went to the cities as well. (2)“Unable to compete with western grain, they embraced new agricultural opportunities created by better transportation and growing urban markets.” Living in the city was easier now because in the city you could buy the things you needed. Farmers could focus on cash crops and selling only one crop to the cities. They were able to sell more things then just crops, they could send things like milk and cheese to the cities. (3)“As northern farmers adopted new crops, they began to regard farming as a scientific endeavor.” The rotation of crops and use of manure created better and healthier crops. Having the healthier crops gave city dwellers fresher products. It also made it easier to ship to places farther because the crops would stay fresh longer. It made some farmers try to figure out ways to grow more and better crops to get the most money they can for it. (4) “In 1820, less than one fifth of the American population lived west of the Appalachians; by 1860, almost half did, and Ohio and Illinois became the two of the nation’s most populous states.” There were lots and lots of land to be settled. The abundance of land made it easy to crow mass amounts of a crop to sell. Selling these crops was easy because crops could be sent down the Mississippi River to the south. Plus advancements in transportation like railroads and wagon roads made it easier to send crops east. The transportation also made it easier for a lot of people to move out west.

Brandon Koster
1. By 1840, the average American cotton textile mill was about 10 percent more efficient and 3 percent more profitable than the British counterpart. The cotton textile mill was growing and the demand for cotton clothing was growing, but went against America’s foreign trade policy at this time. 2. By 1840, most whites were literate, public schools were educating 38.4 percent of white children between the ages 5 and 19. The number of children being educated was rising but still almost 60 percent was not being educated and children wouldn’t be able to work unless of some small form of education. 3. In 1827 Massachusetts mandated that taxes pay the whole costs of the states public schools. More money was going to children’s education so less was being spent on everything else and could be damaging the economy. 4. The price of a yard of cotton cloth fell from 18 cents to 2 cents over the 45 years preceding the Civil War. The cotton prices would make help factory owners to buy more and raise their profits but the lowering cotton prices would hurt farmers selling the cotton.

Rebecca Kanter
1) “By 1840, there were
3,000 miles of track, more than
in all the countries of Europe.
Another 5,000 miles were laid
during the 1840s, and by the
end of the 1850s, total mileage
soared to 30,000.”

This sentence shows how much progress was made in areas of transportation. 30,000 miles of track around the country changed cities like Chicago, who became centers for thousands of train tracks leading to different places. Rail road systems were the most reliable system of transportation during this time because unlike canals that may freeze in the winter, rail roads worked year round. The increase in year round transportation allowed farmers to grow produce that was most suitable to their land and bring it to other markets around the country. Transportation also brought to the buyer in a city, a greater selection of goods.

2) “By the late 1830s, the Old Northwest had become the
country’s granary, and New England farmers turned
to dairy or produce farming.”

This sentence explains how agriculture changed. Transportation allowed farmers to grow crops specifically suitable to their land (cash crops) instead of having to grow everything they needed in order to survive. They could then sell their goods and buy others in cities.

3) “Between 1790 and 1861, more than
$500 million in foreign capital, most of it from Great
Britain, was invested in state bonds, transportation,
and land.”

This statistic is important because it shows that America and England had a business relationship and worked together for similar economic goals. After the ideas from the Industrial Revolution in England spread to America, it made much more sense for England to support America’s Industrial Revolution than try to prevent it. Foreign capital gave America the money necessary to provide loans which promoted entrepreneurship leading to a natural expansion west and new tools like the McCormick Harvester.

4) “By 1840, the average
American cotton textile mill was about 10 percent
more efficient and 3 percent more profitable than
its British counterpart.”

Similar to the ideas discussed in Inference number 3, this quote supports reasons why Britain invested capital in the country. A specific example of how British ideas were improved is Lowell’s copycat product of the mechanical loom. Unlike Britain, he also put the entire process of making the cloth under one roof. These two things made American mills so much more efficient and profitable.

Jessica Jacintho
1. Catharine Skinner moved from New York to Indiana with her husband when she was only 24 years old. She was not used to the challenges of frontier life such as being poor and living in the woods. Her husband and she tried to make an honest living by farming and they had 80 acres of land but only a small portion of that was cleared. The land was used for a multitude of things such as cattle, wheat, corn, and a home. The Skinners were an example of a typical small Western farm family.
2. Another story is an example of the shifting patterns of family life brought on by commercial farming. One Illinois farmer told his wife and daughter that they should put away their tools for making clothes because his sons and he will make enough money from farming and cattle to buy already made clothes. This was also typical of the time as more and more families in the West were making extra money that could be spent on new goods. These goods were luxuries instead of things needed for survival.

Zachary White

1) In the early 19thcentury as women began to leave home in search of a job, teaching was one of the jobs many turned to. In 1819, Julia Hieronymus was one of these women. Julia moved to the town ofWytheville, Virginia where she opened a school able to provide education for forty students. Teaching, however, was an extremely difficult job, which involved vigilant oversight of the students.
One of the students was a ten year old girl whom she described as, “…badly spoiled at home. She was noisy, indolent, and impatient…” The student always disrupted and annoyed the class until one day when Julia decided to end it. After giving the girl her first, “well-merited punishment,” she then banished her from the class and continued her lesson.

2) On the Extract from the Albany Daily Advertiser (1819)

After the construction of the Erie Canal many towns and cities began to develop and thrive upon its route through New York. The impact the middle section of the canal had on these towns and cities is the basis for the article written in 1819 in the Albany Daily Advertiser.
The article tells of a person who is walking through the “village”, (presumably Albany), and the many great things he sees around them due to the opening of the Erie Canal. The writer sees and hears several things that they call exhilarating, such as the waves against the land because of the new direction of the water, the bands playing, and cannons firing triumphantly. The new sights, sounds, and development of their town excited the people; many followed the vessel carried many important figures through the locks and bridges.

Greg Larsen

1. Once upon a time, there was a city divided by race and class. The name of this city was Philadelphia. Inside it lived a large group of free African-Americans. Although not slaves, they still faced animosity from the city's white population, especially Irish immigrants. They claimed the blacks were stealing their jobs. They also feared that the industrial system would lower the need for people to produce goods. The resulting outburst was chaotic and brutal. Blacks hid, for fear of looting, violent rioters. Once observer noted that "the mob exhibited more than fiendish brutality." All this unrest was caused by fear over the financial system and racism. It was not uncommon for cities in America to have discord between whites and blacks, or, for that matter, any two groups that competed for jobs that felt they had an uncertain future. The advent of industrialization helped create this uncertainty.
2. A later riot in Philadelphia illustrated the harmful effects of nativism and religious discrimination. The Irish population of the city had grown immensely because of immigration. Most of them were Catholics. The Catholic bishop of the city, Francis Kenrick, wrote a letter to school officials protesting the use of Protestant Bibles and other learning material in the Philadelphia public schools. The predominantly Protestant non-immigrant population, particularly those in the National Republican Party, reacted by organizing a rally in opposition to the Catholics. Words turned to punches, and punches turned to gunshots. Two Catholic churches were burned as a result of the ongoing conflict. The surge of new Irish immigrants caused tension all over the country. The riot in Philadelphia serves as a particularly violent example.

Robert Krupa 1. During the 1800’s, the number of free blacks in the United States grew considerably. Being free, however, did not guarantee their equal treatment. They were often treated poorly and segregated. The story of Prudence Crandall shows how far northern whites were willing to go to maintain racial segregation. In 1833, Ms. Crandall, a Quaker schoolteacher in Canterbury, Connecticut, announced to the public that she would begin to accept African American children at her school. The townspeople, outraged and fearful that the North would become desegregated, tried to persuade and even intimidate Crandall to make her change her mind. Crandall disregarded these opinions and opened the school anyway. Soon after, hostile citizens harassed and insulted students and teachers, refused to sell them provisions, and denied them medical care and admission to churches. Local ministers preached against Crandall’s efforts, and local residents poured manure in the school’s well, set the school on fire, and knocked in walls with a battering ram. Crandall was arrested and, after two trials, gave up and moved to Illinois. 2. Immigration had become an openly debated issue in the urban areas of the United States. A large influx of immigrants, mainly of Irish and German descent, had poured into the Northeastern cities of America. These immigrants began to look for work and, often willing to do them for less than whites or African Americans, took their jobs. Also, as was shown during the riots in Philadelphia, many Irish were die-hard Catholics. Immigrants were often hated for these reasons, and were treated as a lower class, often equal to or less than the free African American.

Pamela
Culture
Diverse individual and collective expressions through literature, art, philosophy, music, theatre and film throughout United States history. Popular culture and the dimensions of cultural conflict within American society. In Chapter 10 the theme of culture revolves around the economic transformations in the Northeast and the old Northwest. There were new forms of work, new social classes, and new social problems. When cities and urban places were connected by new transportation then new ways of life came about, and old ways of life were shared as in art and literature from one area spread to another. An important piece of the literature is the newspapers that spread out and became a daily part of life in some places, and even a weekly part in others, changing the ways that people began to view their government as they saw it on a daily basis.
Environment Ideas about consumption and conservation of natural resources. The impact of population growth, industrialization, pollution, and urban and suburban expansion. The growth of industry, canals, railroads, and steamboats effected the environment in often harmful ways. So many things depended on wood that more forest was cut down, especially the eastern forests, and the wildlife that lived there suffered and disappeared. This was also part of the urban and suburban expansion because the trees were cut down to make room for new towns and to build new towns. Sawmills and milldams interfered with fish life by ruining the water and even changing the flow of the river. Air pollution increased in the cities from the smoke of the factories and the use of coal. Also soil erosion occurred that was affected by dams and canals supporting industrial activity. Other natural resources, besides coal and wood, were not being explored as much at this time.
Globalization
Engagement with the rest of the world from the fifteenth century to the present: colonialism, mercantilism, global hegemony, development of markets, imperialism and cultural exchange (diffusion). Globalization increased through trade and foreign investments. Foreign investors, mainly from Great Britain, contributed almost $500 Million to help fund the construction of new modes of transportation, especially canals and railroads. With new transportation, trade increased throughout the United States, including sea trade with foreign countries.
Women Diversity relating to gender identity; political, economic and social issues related to gender equality and inequality; contributions of famous women, conflicts between patriarchal and women’s rights issues. Woman in the time of the Industrial Revolution began to favor working, though with limited job mobility. Younger woman moved to work in factories and tried to be independent, though once they were married that changed. After they were married woman took work in their home, watched the children and cleaned the home, all old social norms. Newly introduced though was the job of bringing of republican children and being charged with preparing them for adulthood, with new virtues and values. They were also given moral and cultural guardianship of their family. Women were still considered below men, and were subject to job discrimination, but excepted gender indifference as part of their life.

Joelhead 2. The idea of American identity changed during this time period. With the movement of industrialization and mass production, the American community changed from being self-sufficient individual citizens to working for the greater good of the nation, as well as the world. Working in the factory did not include much skill of a trade, thus allowing more job opportunities for women, blacks and newly arrived immigrants. Work for the greater good allowed individuals to help out their nation.
4. In Chapter 10, it is evident that during the mid 1800’s the birthrate was declining. This was due to the amount of attention children needed from their parents. Many parents could not or did not wish to spend the time it took for doting of a large family, thus family sizes began to decrease, especially in the Northeast. Many forms of birth control were beginning to emerge, including abstinence. The population of the United States started to rapidly increase, even after the shrinking family sizes. Immigrants were pouring in from many countries, especially Germany and Ireland. Immigration caused the population to increase by at least 25% each year.
8. Although no warfare was waged during this period, the after effects of war affected and started the Industrial Revolution. The Embargo Act of 1809, an act freezing all trade in and out of the States, strained the nation and forced internal trade and cheap manufacturing to be launched. This also started the building of factories in large amounts, starting in Waltham by the man Francis Lowell.
12. Slavery was beginning to decrease as more and more blacks were becoming free and outstanding citizens in the communities of large cities, like Baltimore. Having little or no education, blacks were often given dangerous jobs. Blacks, even free ones, were still discriminated against. Early in the nineteenth story, blacks in the North were giving the right to vote, but had it quickly taken away.

Leslie
1. American Diversity
There was a new wave of immigrants coming to America, with a large amount of immigrants coming from Ireland and Germany. More than half of these immigrants were Roman Catholics. This caused a tension between the Americans who were Protestants and the new immigrants. The other tensions involving immigrants was between the immigrants and the native citizens. Nativists were against immigrants coming to America and being given the opportunity to vote very early, while also taking jobs. The other form of division was between the classes. The upper class gained a large amount of power in the new industrial economy. As a result, they were the owners of most of the property, and were able to control the lower classes because they were the providers of their jobs.

5. Economic Transformations
The economy was greatly altered during the time period in which the Industrial Revolution occured. Trade was enhanced through the development of steamboats and railroads. These were important to American trade because they reduced the cost of shipping, and the amount of time it took to ship a product. The improved transportation helped stimulate agricultural expansion, and the specialization of regions. Americans began trading within the states, instead of trading with foreign countries. Evolving technology also changed the economy. The amount of products a business could create increased because of the creation of interchangeable parts. Interchangeable parts allowed for mechanization within factories,increasing the volume and profits a business created. This also gave unskilled laborers an opportunity to take on a job. The workers were not treated fairly and began to rebel.The attempt at the formation of labor unions changed the character of the work force. It also altered the workers who were employed. The work force changed from being mostly women, to the new immigrants who entered the country.

13. War and Diplomacy
The United States was not involved in a war at this time. However, the effects of the war of 1812 shaped American society during the Industrial Revolution. The unbalanced relationships with other countries caused the United States to create a larger system of interstate commerce to supplement their foreign trade.

Tyler- 9. Reform- Farmers had a new mindset now, instead of caring to raise food for the family, he was caring about the markets. Americans were becoming innovative, creating their own inventions to facilitate their labor. A new working ideal was created, where then “selling the products of his skills, he had only his raw labor to sell”. Women were starting to stand up for their own rights as factory workers, by starting strikes and labor unions. Modern sanitation was started in urban areas, which increased the immigration to the cities and decreased the emigration from the cities. In addition, people were not bartering as much anymore, for what they wanted, they were paid in wages, which then they bought what they wanted. 10. Religion- The women mill workers were forced to go to church if they wanted to live in boarding houses. The rise of immigration of Germans and Irish, created an emergence of Catholicism in the United States, which offended the mostly Protestant populated people. Religious tension caused nativists to attack the German and Irish peoples. 11. Science and Technology- The elimination of carbon from pig iron created cheap, durable, iron machines. The steam engine was improved; it led to railroads and steamboats. The use of steam-powered machinery led to increased cloth production and other productions throughout the textile industry. Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber items and the sewing machine. The colt revolver was produced, and also the McCormick harvester.

Rachel Acevedo

1.) Letters of John and Elizabeth Hodgon (1840)

In these letters, brother and sister talk to their sister in a Lowell factory. In the first letter, John B. Hodgon rights to his sister Sarah. He tells her that she shouldn’t be too dependent on the work for money and instead should be dependent on God. This shows the religious strength during that time. And it also shows how much woman are dependent on the factories and that’s why they were with it for so long. In the second paragraph, Ms. Elizabeth K. Hodgon writes to Sarah. She talks about how the she wants to visit but she can not, and how the material Sarah sent her is too expensive, and lasts too long. She also talks about how her and her mother want Sarah to come home because she has been at the factories for a long time now. All this explains the life in the factories. That there is strict rule because not many people can come visit them, and they can not leave until they finish there contract. It also shows that the factory owners were all about making money because they priced there materials, and cloth so high.

2.) "The Western Country," Extracts from Letters Published in Niles' Weekly Register

In these letters, people write to the Niles weekly Register talking about how civilized western lands have become. They talk about how there’s so many settlers that they can’t find places to board while there making their houses. Also the letters bring up the fact that “more houses will be built this summer than during the last three years together,” which shows how fast the population in the West is growing. Indiana territory is surveyed and also up for sale at this time and they believe it is going to sell as fast as Ohio did. In 1806 Mount Pleasant in Ohio had only seven families living in the area, and over a summer they had about 90 families with 500 people now living there. This might not seem as a lot but the percent of increase is huge. They began making factories, mills and private organizations which really made the Western lands popular. Over a couple years the West became a big item and apparently many people wanted it.

3.) Boston Slums – Illustration

In this picture it depicts the life of Irish immigrants living in the crowded urban slums. The picture shows how the area is very dirty and grimy. This picture resembles Irish ghettoes such as Boston’s Burgess Alley where many Irish immigrants resided. This illustration is taken from the Committee on Internal Health on the Asiatic cholera, in 1849. The area was disease-prone, and I’m sure many people died in these ghettos.

4.) Clermont on the Hudson – Painting

Charles Pensee painted this painting from 1830-1835. In this painting it shows how steamboats were essential to the communication, transportation, and trade within the United States. Many people are aboard the ships and I’m sure they rely on this ship to help them with their business, or personal life. Steamboats cut the cost of shipping and made business more profitable. It added to the economic wealth of the United States and helped make the economy more stable. It industrialized this country and also helped facilitate western expansion. Steamboats were vital to the industrialization of America.

Zachary Benner

The Harbinger, "Female Workers of Lowell " (1836)
In this primary source it begins to discuss the tyranny and terrible working conditions of the American Factory system. They had gone to two factories in Manchester , NH and Lowell , MA to write the report on the factory working condition for the young women. They discuss the unreasonable time the women have to rise to go to work and also the amount of time they have to eat. Continuing with their report they also report that a single person should only be attending two looms, but most girls attend three, others who are affective with their job attend four. This report also indicates that cramp living conditions are unfit, for there is no privacy with six women to a room and cramp living conditions within the boarding house. In conclusion this statement below concludes how the factories are exploiting their workers, “So live and toil the young women of our country in the boardinghouses and manufactories which the rich an influential of our land have built for them.”
Western Country Ohio 1816
In this primary source it states that the Western Frontier of Ohio Valley is expanding with population. Also it has been expanding in its importance to Union by harvesting the natural resources that are so abundant in the territory. Also how important if a canal was to connect Miami of the Lakes and the Miami of the Ohio by a canal, as it states, “…the face of the country between the head of the navigation of each of those rivers being quite level. What an extensive inland navigation would then be opened!-from New Orleans to the Hudson !” That is the conclusion of the Western Country Ohio 1816
Anti-Railroad Poster in Philadelphia , 1839
The Anti- Railroad Poster indicates the dangers of the Rail Road . It shows a women protecting her baby from the train, also shows a carriage being tip over by the train coming through New York City . In the poster in warms all people to be careful this train coming through for it dangerous to modern society. Also the poster calls the Rail Roads an OUTRAGE, and also calling it a Dreadful Casualty.
"The Life of A Fireman"
In this public print it indicates in vivid colour a blazing flame that caught a house which early firemen are trying to put out. It also shows how many fireman and trucks it took to control a fire so it wouldn’t spread through out the city. It also shows the extreme bravery that early firemen face, in the picture they depict firemen climbing ladders with no protective suits as the scale the fiery building. In conclusion this picture depicts the extreme bravery firemen had to face in the early formation of the Fire Department.